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| 1861 |
| | | Victor Emmanuel II is proclaimed king of a united Italy, with only Rome and Venetia remaining outside his realm | |
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| 1864 |
| | | Pope Pius IX includes socialism, civil marriage and secular education among eighty modern errors listed in his Syllabus | |
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| 1866 |
| | | Austrian rule ends in the Venetian territories, which now join the new kingdom of Italy | |
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| 1869 |
| | | Britain, France and Italy take joint control of the finances of a bankrupt Tunisia | |
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| 1870 |
| | | Pope Pius IX, rapidly losing temporal authority, declares a new dogma – that the pope, when speaking from the throne, is infallible on matters of faith or morals | |
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| 1870 |
| | | As the result of a plebiscite, Rome and the remaining papal states are included in the kingdom of Italy | |
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| 1871 |
| | | Rome becomes the capital city of the entire Italian peninsula, for the first time since the Roman empire | |
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| 1882 |
| | | Italy, previously non-aligned, signs a Triple Alliance with Germany and Austria-Hungary | |
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| 1885 |
| | | Italian troops occupy Eritrea, a province of Ethiopia | |
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| 1887 |
| | | Giuseppe Verdi's opera Otello has its premeiere at La Scala in Milan | |
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